Business plan for Sports Tourism Service Website for Ticket Booking

Question: Talk about the Business plan for Sports Tourism Service: Website for Ticket Booking and Merchandized Accessories. Answer: Statistical surveying The market of soccer in Singapore is very large. The International Champions Cup pulls in the nearby guests, yet additionally the universal guests, particularly from the South East Asian nations. In 2014, the games business of Singapore had produced about $80 billion, which developed around 7% every year (Stb.gov.sg., 2018). In 2017, it became around $90 billion, which was driven for the most part by the football business. In Singapore, the income from nonevent sports advertise is a lot more prominent separated from that in Europe and the USA. The authorized outdoor supplies and records for practically 57% of the income while others create practically 28% (sbr.com.sg, 2015). Singapore has become a games center point and football and Grand Prix have contributed significantly in this. The arranging of worldwide games, including International Champions Cup, expected to produce about $145 billion out of 2016 which assisted with boosting the travel industry advertise as well (stb.gov.sg, 2018). Universal Champions Cup attracts a large number of guests to Singapore consistently. Fanatics of the football clubs begin purchasing their tickets very right on time to maintain a strategic distance from the surge and significant expense finally. Be that as it may, there is just a single site till date that offered the choice for online ticket booking, that is, StubHub Singapore. TicketPool will give another stage to online ticket booking just as frill with a logo of International Champions Cup for the nearby just as worldwide soccer fans. In the main year, the site will give the chance of profiting extra limits for the early acquisition of tickets. Exploration shows that, the football fans in Singapore are very pulled in to the merchandized results of the football clubs (Heng Meng, 2018). Creation and gracefully of these items contribute a significant measure of income in the economy. The flexibly chain and dispersion arrange likewise gets profited by that. Consequently, it is normal that, TicketPool will profit by selling the merchandized items. There is exceptionally less rivalry for TicketPool in Singapore. Already, just Stubhub used to sell the tickets for International Champions Cup. At whatever point, there is surge and tremendous interest for tickets, the site slammed. TicketPool will share the weight of the market interest for the tickets of the competition. Like Stubhub, it will likewise give the alternative of selling additional tickets if the clients need. Aside from that, Stubhub don't sell merchandized results of the clubs on the web. Thus, TicketPool is giving the chance of benefiting the merchandized items and embellishments at a reasonable cost, with neighborhood and worldwide conveyance choice, which is relied upon to pick up fame among the football fans. The organization will concentrate on gaining notoriety through high and proficient quality help and item. To dispatch the business, TicketPool has done statistical surveying and applied the division and focusing to enter the market. Division alludes to the way toward isolating the potential buyer showcase into various portions, in light of specific attributes (Liu et al., 2018). If there should be an occurrence of the expected market for TicketPool, the clients are sectioned based on age, salary status and their inclinations. The age has three classifications, 18-30 years, 31-45 years and 46 years and up. The gatherings are picked such in light of the fact that, individuals inside these age gatherings can go along and can go to watch a football coordinate and furthermore be keen on purchasing the trinket items. Furthermore, individuals under salary status bunches are ordered into the gatherings of pay under $35000, $35000-$50000, $51000-$75000 and $75000-$1000000. This shows, understudies just as salaried individuals are fit for purchasing the tickets and the items for International Cham pions Cup. Aside from these, the division will likewise incorporate area, spending conduct and inclinations for the merchandized items. As a piece of the focusing on technique, TicketPool will put diverse estimating of the tickets for various gatherings. The understudies will get extra limits after giving their understudy id number and name of the schools or colleges. The installment choices are made simpler and helpful with a wide range of card installments, outsider installment and net financial installments alternatives. The marketed items will be evaluated at a sensible rate to expand the deals and benefit. There will deliver charge for the items requested if the cost is underneath a specific sum. Themarketing procedure will be actualized through different publicizing directs in the print and advanced media and through the web search tools. Since, individuals will purchase the tickets and the extras from the site and through versatile applications, drifting the commercials through the web index will be increasingly perceptible and bring more effect. The product group will be answerable for making an appealing site with easy to use route. The quality confirmation group will guarantee that the items conveyed have the best quality achievable at a sensible cost. Client support group will chip away at dealing with the client calls in regards to tickets and redirecting the calls and objections in regards to the profits, trade and discount status to the providers. The general money will be taken care of by the fund division. Business canvas model for TicketPool Key Partners Worldwide Champions Cup, Singapore authority Innovation accomplices for making sites Providers of tickets and the items Messenger administrations for conveyance of the items Meta web search tools, similar to Google Outsider installment accomplices, similar to, Visa, Master and Maestro. Key Activities Masterminding tickets for the matches of International Champions Cup in Singapore Providing promoted items Delivery the items to the clients address Offer For clients: Simple accessibility of tickets Simple boat merchandized frill Helpful choices for purchasing Client assistance For providers: Worldwide reach for the items Gradual deals and benefits Increment in advertise size Client Relationships Commission for the providers Client care for the purchasers Advantageous installment and bring administration back Client Segments Clients: Age gathering Salary status Area Spending conduct Inclinations for items Providers: Nature of items Cost Transportation conditions Returns and trade Discount strategy Secret weapons Educated and effective workers Appealing site Incredible quality extra items Worldwide system Channels Site Portable application Accomplice channels Advertisement directs in the web index ost Structure Operational: Publicizing: $75,000 Deals and showcasing: $30,000 Item acquirement cost: $70,000 Property and gear: $15,000 Impalpable resources: $10,000 Income Streams Ticket deals Extra deals Sponsorships Commissions from installment specialists Proposed the board and creation structure The proposed administration and creation structure of TicketPool are introduced underneath. The administration structure incorporates all the administrative places of the organization, to be existing in TicketPool. In the creation structure, the groups tending to the creation arranging and control tasks are introduced. Since, the site will offer administrations to the clients, the creation arranging and control groups will take care of the creation and conveyance of administrations. Anticipated salary and consumption area (for a long time from set up) The accompanying table displays the estimations of specifics in the pay and consumption segments that decide the gainfulness of the organization in next three years from set up. Points of interest (Values in Singapore Dollar) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Swelling Rate 2.50% 2.50% Deals Growth Rate 10% 10% Deals Volume 40000 44000 48400 Selling Price Per Unit $3,500 $3,588 $3,677 All out Sales Revenue $140,000,000 $157,850,000 $177,975,875 Cost of Good Sold per unit: Crude Material Consumed ($500) ($513) ($525) Direct Labor Cost ($100) ($103) ($105) All out Cost of Goods Sold per unit ($600) ($615) ($630) Absolute Cost of Goods Sold ($24,000,000) ($27,060,000) ($30,510,150) Net PROFIT $116,000,000 $130,790,000 $147,465,725 Variable Manufacturing Overhead per unit ($15) ($15) ($16) All out Variable Manufacturing Overhead ($600,000) ($676,500) ($762,754) Deterioration on Property, Plant Equipment ($2,100) ($2,100) ($2,100) Absolute Manufacturing Overhead ($602,100) ($678,600) ($764,854) General Administrative Expenses: Deterioration on Furniture Fixtures ($1,000) ($900) ($810) Deterioration on Computer Equipment $0 $0 $0 Amortization of Patent $0 $0 $0 Amortization of Trademark ($150,000) ($150,000) ($150,000) Protection ($12,000) ($12,300) ($12,608) Rates Taxes ($6,500) ($6,663) ($6,829) Compensation of Office Staffs ($100,000) ($102,500) ($105,063) Cleaning Charges ($5,000) ($5,125) ($5,253) Power for Office ($15,000) ($15,375) ($15,759) Phone Internet ($8,000) ($8,200) ($8,405) All out General Administrative Expenses ($297,500) ($301,063) ($304,727) Selling Marketing Expenses:

Article review form Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article survey structure - Essay Example Weight could be another wellspring of contention. Representatives felt they were constrained such a great amount by the stewards who were not prepared to arrange. Laborers would not like to accomplish additional work at their extra time any more. The stewards and the organization demonstrated a disregard mentality towards the worker’s standards, which the creator looks at to â€Å"Thatcherism†. The presentation of the new activities was as far as anyone knows to give advantages to everybody. It expressed that it would help reinforce arrangements and common comprehension between the different sides. The laborers in any case, didn't have confidence in this contention. They felt that the activity would isolate the workers as opposed to joining them. The representatives were prepared to have unlimited dealings with the directors, and were not prepared to acknowledge the new standards. Northern Plant needed the representatives to begin utilizing the U formed structure which the organization considered efficient. He administrators considered it the â€Å"multi-talented process†. As per the laborers in any case, the procedure just seemed as though the typical routine they generally did when producing under the conventional assembling process, however in various sums. Obviously change is a wellspring of contention and administrators ought to guarantee they have great procedures of overseeing change to manage obstruction. It is additionally evident that workers’ qualities ought to be perceived in settling on choices and change in an organization. The directors dismissed the workers’ exchange process. Compromise additionally requires great administration aptitudes. The administrators at long last, utilized the technique of unique thought to manage the opposition. The article has demonstrated that the structures dependent on JIT and TQM the executives control are extremely incredible and are difficult to

Applying for graduate school Things you can start doing now. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Applying for graduate school Things you can start doing now. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Youre thinking about going back to graduate school?   Graduate school can be a rewarding experience where you can explore, engage and think while establishing yourself for career advancement or   job opportunities in your chosen path of study.   But keep in mind graduate school is a huge commitment and it does not guarantee that you will end up with the job of your dreams (at least not immediately). If you have made up your mind about going to graduate school, here are a couple of things to do before applying: Research graduate school programs that may interest you and find out if you are qualified or not.   You should also find out what are their requirements and deadlines to be considered for admission.   A prospective candidate showed me her color-coordinated spreadsheet to keep track of the different programs, deadlines, requirements and contact information this is a great way to keep yourself organized especially if you are considering several programs.   Go to fairs, speak to admissions counselors, attend information sessions, visit the school and sit in a class or two. Make sure you meet all the requirements to apply. Ask your professors and supervisors if they would be willing to write a letter of recommendation on your behalf. Ask early in the applications process so they have as much time as needed to prepare the letter. Provide them with the information of where to send the letter.   Also send them your personal statement and your resume. I mentioned personal statement; think about what it is that you wish to convey to the Admissions Committees.   Your statement/essay will help you tell your story and why a particular program/school is the best place for you to get your education given your goals and interests tailor the essays to the program/school you are applying.   It also gives the committees an opportunity to get to know you more personally.   Be sure to cover all the points that the school asks you to address in your essays.   And most importantly proofread before submitting them. Prepare your resume/CV. You should also include any academic awards or scholarships you’ve earned. Request your official transcripts from all your Universities/colleges you have attended, but keep in mind, you may submit unofficial scanned copies for review so no rush on getting the official transcripts to us immediately. And remember its never too soon to start researching scholarship opportunities.   SIPA keeps a database of external scholarships we hear about that are relevant for our students, so begin there.   Graduate school can be expensive so thinking about your finances early is always smart.

Rastafarian - 79520 Words

Rastafari This page intentionally left blank Rastafari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sà £o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Copyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The†¦show more content†¦I grew up in Jamaica at a time when Rastas were still regarded as useless, lazy, half-insane, ganja-smoking illiterates who were of no value to society. Teachers, students, ofï ¬ ce workers, and anyone of social importance could not grow locks, and families would go into mourning when their sons would start sprouting them. I heard the term â€Å"black heart man† used again and again as a means of expressing fear or ridicule of the Rastafarian. And this was in the early 1970s—after Bob Marleys emergence as an international viii FOREWORD star, after Selassies arrival in Jamaica, and after so much had been written about the importance of Rastafarianism. The problem was that Rasta was counter to the strong Christian structure that dominated and continues to dominate Jamaican life and was seen ï ¬ rst as heretical and misguided before its powerful social and political ideas were fully appreciated. Most important, however, was the Rastafarian insistence that Africa was the promised land and that Jamaicans should look to Africa for their model of value rather than to Europe, which was seen as foolish and a painful reminder of slavery and oppression. Rasta was an offense to those who wanted to deny the African part of their heritage. And the truth is also that in Jamaica at that time the privileging of lighter-skinned people wasShow MoreRelatedGrowth of the Rastafarian Movement Essay822 Words   |  4 Pagesfounding in the 1930s, the Rastafarian movement has grown to the point where it has become a major cultural and political force in Jamaica. During its existence, the movement has challenged Jamaicas neo-colonialist societys attempts to keep whites at the top and blacks at the bottom of the socio-economic structure. Because of its controversial actions, the movement has evoked responses from observers that range from hostility to curiosity (Forsythe 63). 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All Rastafarians take this Vow and claim it is commanded by the Bible (Reference: Numbers 6:5,All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his head; until the days be fulfilled, in the which he spareth himself unto the Lord, he shallRead MoreThe Anatomy Of Religion By Anthony Wallace1378 Words   |  6 PagesChristians gives offerings at church. The Rastafarian movement of Jamaica is one of the youngest religion practiced; it is not even an hundred years old. For religion that is so young, it is understandable that not a lot people know what the religion is about; certain people don’t even know that it is a religion. For some people, when they hear Rastafari they only think about Bob Marley. Using the Wallace’s essay, the Rastafarian movement of Jamaica can be analyzed. One

Is It Possible For A Machine - 847 Words

4. Is it possible for a Machine to ‘’think’’? To be ‘’conscious’’? To ‘’understand’’? Explain with reference to your readings in the Philosophy of Mind module. The problem of thought associated with a machine raises ethical issues on a scientific perspective. So, how can we engage and act to develop the systems necessary for a peaceful life for human beings and especially in order not to be responsible for a collapse of humanism by wrapping in an autonomous and dense monitoring system throughout the society? Can a machine really think, understand and be conscious? In an article written in 1950 Computing machinery and intelligence Turing wondered if a machine could think. To find out, he proposed the â€Å"imitation game†. That is, the machine would imitate the language behavior of a human being and a judge would compare the writing behavior of a human to that of a machine by asking questions. 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Macroeconomics Equilibrium GDP Free Essays

1. Move the green pointer on the horizontal axis to an income level of 430. Then click on the â€Å"income adjustment† button. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics Equilibrium GDP or any similar topic only for you Order Now What happened? Why did income return to equilibrium at 470? The GDB rises to restore equilibrium. This is because at GDP=430, the aggregate expenditures is higher than production. This is a state of imbalance so that production opportunities will rise to match the total spending. 2. Move the green pointer on the horizontal axis to an income level of 510. Then hit the â€Å"income adjustment† button. What happened? Why did income return to equilibrium at 470? GDP decreases to restore equilibrium. This is because at GDP=510, production is higher than aggregate expenditures. This means that there will an excess in production. The excess will force production to reduce to maintain profitability until equilibrium point is achieved. So GDP will always return to equilibrium point of 430 where aggregate expenditure equals production. 3. What happened to Income in Chapter 10 exercise when Investment was increased? Income also increases as indicated by GDP line at 6000. 4. Explain why the resulting increase in equilibrium Income was greater than the change in Investment spending. Investment will produce some level of gains or in numbers this is a multiplier. This gain (multiplier) is what causes the GDP change in equilibrium to be higher. 5. Give three real-world forces that could cause a â€Å"shift in Aggregate Demand.† 5.1 An increase in consumption will increase the Aggregate Demand. 5.2 An increase in government expenditure will increase the Aggregate Demand. 5.3 An increase in net export will increase the Aggregate Demand. 6. Give three real-world forces that could cause a â€Å"shift in Aggregate Supply.† 6.1 An increase wages and salaries will increase the Aggregate Supply. 6.2 Education and Training will shift the Aggregate Supply. 6.3 Research and Development will shift the Aggregate Supply. References C. MacConnell, S. Brue (2005). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies, 16/e. Graphing Exercise: Equilibrium GDP (Chapter 10.1). Retrieved January 27, 2007 from How to cite Macroeconomics Equilibrium GDP, Essay examples

History of physical education Essay Example For Students

History of physical education Essay The field of physical education has gone through many cycles over its long history. These cycles range from a strict authoritarianism to the liberal democracy of today. This transformation to the democracy has opened the field of physical education up to many new sciences, which are creating many new professional opportunities. If the cycles of physical education continue, these new professions will hopefully pave the way to future discoveries and studies of physical education. The Spartans and Athenians were the first to have a type of physical education. Though very different, both systems served the people and their needs. The Spartan system was similar to a dictatorship. Male children were taken at the age of seven to learn basic military skills while living in barracks. When the children reached the age of fourteen, they began learning group fighting tactics which would allow them to succeed while in the military from the ages of twenty to thirty. Once thirty, the men could then marry a women who had been doing some training of her own in order to make strong babies. The philosophy of the Spartans was basically to allow them to invade other countries if desired, and to prevent other countries from invading them. The philosophy of the Athenians was quite different compared to the Spartans. The Athenian culture was very democratic, and focused on training the mind and body. Reading and writing was a large part of society as well as physical activity which took place in the center of the city where the gymnasium was located. The physical education philosophy of the Athenians was the high point of physical education for many years. Some other cycles in physical education that we have evolved from are that of the Romans, the dark ages, and the crusades. The Roman era is a bit disturbing, but is nonetheless a cycle of physical education. Physical education for the Romans was about athletics, which was primarily about entertainment. People were forced to fight to the death, and oftentimes fed to lions. During the dark ages, religion viewed physical education as a waste of time and a work of the devil. The dark ages were a very sedentary time for human civilization. Following the dark ages in approximately 1096, were the crusades. The crusades were a time of muscular Christianity, because of the Muslims conquering Jerusalem. Muscular Christianity is basically Christians believing that the more one trained to become good soldiers, the more Christian a person was. In 1270, the crusades ended and so did the thought of physical education being worthwhile until approximately 1400 when the renaissance period began. Physical education during the renaissance period is quite similar to physical education today. It is done to better oneself, not to be doing something for someone else. The development of physical education had another setback in the 1600s when it was very functional and not a priority. People believed that if it did not have a specific purpose, than it was a waste of time. .

How does the writer of the play A Kind of Alaska show the struggle in Deborahs awakening Essay Example

How does the writer of the play A Kind of Alaska show the struggle in Deborahs awakening Essay The awakening of Deborah in the play A Kind of Alaska is a very slow progressing process, causing it to be one drawn out tense moment throughout the play. The struggle that is happening throughout the play conveys how difficult it is for Deborah to come to terms with herself and things that have happened without her influence. Confusion, reality and truth are the key points in causing the struggle for her, and decide on how she comes to terms with her life.Deborah succumbed to a sleeping illness when she was fifteen. She has been in that illness for twenty-nine years and is not aware of anything that has taken place since the point she fell asleep.At the opening of the play, Deborah finds herself awakening in a plain room with two chairs, a table and the doctor. This causes Deborah confusion and distress, as she is struggling to come to terms with herself, her location and who the doctor is. Because this is the first time she has awoken in twenty-nine years, a fuss is made of her by the doctor. He is patient and waits for her to make the first move before he decides to question her about her sleep.Deborah struggles with her words due to her not being provoked to make the first move. First she whispers, for this is all she can do due to her voice lying dormant for twenty-nine years. Her voice probably would have sounded hoarse and croaky due to the lack of use.Something is happening.These are her first words. Deborah confuses herself with what she said as she does not fully understand. She does not know what is happening or what has happened to her.Mood and atmosphere is being set as the tension builds up. The doctor, Hornby, tries to provoke her into saying something.Do you know me?SilenceDo you recognise me?SilenceCan you hear me?She does not look at himDeborah does not respond to him immediately, even when she is addressed directly. She acts as if she can hear him, but cannot answer him back, for that is how she would act if she were still in her illness. She does not see the point in answering him because the whole situation would probably seem as a dream to her.Are you speaking?YesPauseDo you know who I am?PauseWho am I?No-one hears what I say. No-one is listening to me.This last line shows us that despite her responding to what Hornby says she still fails to believe that she is awake and communicating with people. Deborah is struggling to come to terms that she is awake, talking and having a conversation. There are a lot of pauses throughout this part of the play as Hornby is being patient and is waiting for her to say something first. He is giving her time and wants to hear what is on her mind and what she has to say without being motivated. Hornby is trying to get acknowledged by repeatedly asking her questions.Who am I?You are no-one.Deborah suddenly accepts that she can be heard, and starts talking about irrelevant information that in the past she may have been proud of.Who is it? It is miles away. The rain is falling. I will get wet.Here, Deborah is confusing herself and is talking in jumbled up sentences. She cannot keep her mind focused on one thing and that is reflected in the way she is speaking. This shows how she is struggling to have a conversation about the simplest of things.I cant go to sleep. The dog keeps turning about I talk FrenchDeborah still has no confirmed idea of who she is. Pieces of information is spilling out of her mouth, slotting her past back together. She is struggling to find out who she is but the memories she is sharing with Hornby are helping her find herself.It is taking her a long time to process the information given to her. As it is all a struggle to understand everything, the information needs to be fed to her slowly so it is easy to understand and accept. Hornby has to repeat himself before he gets any recognition out of Deborah. He tries to give her the information she needs to know in the easiest way possible for her to understand, very blunt and to the point.You have been asleep for a very long time. You have now woken up. We are here to care for you.PauseYou have been asleep for a very long time. You are older, although you do not know that. You are still younger but older.Deborah decides to disregard what Hornby had just said, as it probably seemed to hard for her to understand. Instead it seemed to snap her out of her sleep properly, even though she seemed awake before that.When she looks at Hornby and acknowledges him for the first time it is a very tense moment in the play. She has realised that there is life outside her head and that she is back to reality, and becomes more aware of what is happening around her.You have been asleep. You have awoken. Can you hear me? Do you understand me?She looks at him for the first time.Asleep?Deborah most probably expected to wake up in her own bed and experience her everyday routine that she went through before she fell asleep.If I have been asleep, why hasnt mummy woken me up?This shows that she thin ks she has overslept for a couple of hours at the most. This will make the struggle harder for her when she realises that she has been asleep for twenty-nine years.Instead she looks at Hornby and notices this is not the case, and get confused and anxious. Deborah asks the natural questions a person would ask if the woke up in a place unfamiliar to them.Where is everyone? Where is my dog? Where are my sisters?Deborah becomes unsure about simple pieces of information. She struggles to recollect what happened to her the day she fell asleep and is not certain of her age.I am twelve. No. I am sixteen. I am seven.PauseI do not know. Yes. I know. I am fourteen. I am fifteen. Im lovely fifteenShe repeats that she is fifteen twice, giving the audience the impression that she has become sure of her proper age.It is almost as if she snaps back to reality. Now begins the struggle of coming to terms with who she is, what happened to her and where she is. Deborah would feel isolated and alone, as she is in a bare room with a person who is unfamiliar to her. It would appear to her that her family has left her behind and moved on without her, and now all she has left is the doctor. Because Hornby is the only other person in the room, she sees him as many different people.You shouldnt have touched me like that. I shant tell my mother. I shouldnt have touched you like that.PauseOh Jack.These lines suggest that she is maybe talking to a boyfriend of hers she remembers before she fell asleep. Deborah might have recollected a moment where she felt guilty, and has had time to think about it. Because she had felt like this while in her sleep she needed to voice her guilt, and this is what she did as soon as she remembered it.Deborahs perception of people change dramatically. She reads the doctor as different people as she remembers different pieces of her life before she fell asleep. She talks about her daddy and sisters, and sees the doctor as her daddy.Daddy?Because he supplies he r with the answers to her questions, she continues to read the doctor as her father. This illustrates the confusion she is feeling and the struggle to come to terms with the information given to her. It is hard for her to process all of this information, as it is new to her and hard to understand. Deborah finally begins to understand where she is who Hornby is.Ive seen this room before.This line suggests that while in her sleep, Deborah has managed to make communication with reality. She may have woken up for a split second and then fallen back into her slumber, and probably would have recognised the room from when she woke up briefly.Deborah begins to show her distress and begins to think irrationally.My mother? My father?PauseDid they bring me to you as a sacrifice? Did they sacrifice me to you?PauseNo, no. You stole mein the night.She is using her imagination to fill in the gaps that do not make sense to her. Because no one has been able to reassure her of the things that do not make sense to her while she has been asleep, it is mandatory for her to think such things.In her panic Deborah begins to say the first thing that come into her head. She does not think before she is speaking, suggesting she is uptight, nervous and edgy. She becomes very defensive and says things that are unnecessary, information from her memories that she was not proud of or she feels the need to confess.You had your way with meMy lust was my ownYou took it from me. Once open never closed. Never closed again. Never closed always open. For eternity. Terrible. You have ruined me.This suggests that she may have lost her virginity before she fell asleep and regrets it. It may have been resting on her conscience while she was asleep and needed to be voiced. Deborah is struggling to understand that these things do not matter and she should not need to feel guilty over them.Deborah suddenly realises that she doesnt sound right, not what she is used to sounding like.I sound childish. Out of tune.She is struggling to understand why she is so different, and believes it is down to her age.How old am I?PauseEighteen?She does not realise that she has been asleep for so long, making it a harder struggle for her to understand this when she is told.Her imagination keeps wandering and is not focusing on one thing. She uses her child like imagination to fill in gaps. She doesnt know where she is so she pretends she is somewhere else.This is a hotelThis is a white tent, when I open the flap Ill step out into the Sahara Desert.Hornby seems to lose his patience and brings her back to reality. Once again he tells her she has been asleep, causing Deborahs temper to rise. She does not understand why an issue is being made out of her being asleep, as she does not realise she has been asleep for longer than she expects.Oh you keep saying that!Why shouldnt I have a long sleep for a change?My body demands itI may have overslept but I didnt do it deliberately.These lines are very poignant, as she is completely oblivious to the fact that she has been asleep for twenty-nine years. When she is told this, there is a very long silence, suggesting that it is taking a very long time to sink in. Her imagination starts running away with her again as she struggles to believe that she has been asleep for so long.You mean Im dead?No.I dont feel dead.Youre not.Not only is it a struggle for Deborah to come to terms with what she has been told, but Hornby is also struggling to convince her that she has been asleep for so long. Deborah is in denial and wont accept the fact that she has been asleep for so long. The only explanation she can think of that sounds reasonable to her is that she has been dead, and it is hard for Hornby to convince her otherwise.Once again Deborah perceives the doctor as a different person. Because he is the only other person in the room he is the only person she can share her feelings with.I think I love you.No you dont.Deborah is confused here and does no t realise what she is saying. Teenagers are always on the lookout for the opposite sex, and when they see them they weigh them up as potential partners. Because there was no one else to compare Hornby to she went straight ahead and told him she loved him. I love you are very strong words and dont mean anything to teenagers. As teenagers fall in and out of love easily, it is not a big deal for her when she says she loves Hornby. When he rejects her and says she doesnt, she becomes very defensive and hot headed.Well, Im not spoilt for choice here, am I? Theres not another man in sight.Her past life interferes the present as she talks about her childhood. She then talks about her future and how she has the rest of her life to look forward to now she is awake.But now Ive got all the world before me. All life before me. All my life before me.This line is very poignant, as we know she does not have the rest of her life before her. The drug used to wake her up is only temporary, be she is not aware of that. It will be a struggle for her when she realises she will fall back to sleep sooner or later.From the way she speaks about her sister we get the impression that she liked to act a lot older than she was. She talks about her younger sister Pauline in a very mature manner, using unusual words a fifteen year old isnt expected to understand, let alone use in their vocabulary.Im not prepared to tolerate her risible, tendentious, her eclectic, her ornate, her rococo insinuations and garbled inventions.This suggests to the audience that Deborah might have felt slightly insecure with her position in the house. She is trying to sound sophisticated, and as she is the second oldest sister out of the three she might have felt the need to act older than she is as a role model for her younger sister. Because her mother expected a lot of her she might have felt the need to prove herself as a responsible daughter who is able to earn her parents trust. She feels that acting more ma ture she feels is the best way to do this. This shows that not only is Deborah struggling to understand what is happening now, but also she struggled to find herself when she was younger.Deborah doesnt understand Hornby when he tries to explain to her that she just stopped. He uses words like sleep when he doesnt specifically mean sleeping, which confuses Deborah.You fell asleep and no-one could wake you. But although I use the word sleep it was not strictly sleep.Oh make up your mind!Deborah is struggling to understand what he means by the term sleep, as this is what Hornby keeps referring her illness to be. When he says it is not a sleep, she gets confused and finds it difficult to process the information given to her. She tries to fill in the empty gaps with her imagination and once again tries to sound sophisticated.You mean you thought I was asleep when I was actually awake?Deborah uses her language the way she thinks is correct, but slips up from time to time. Instead she soun ds childish and sounds her age. Because of this she fails to take her illness seriously when told to her.She does not believe that she had not laughed once while in her illness and refuses to take in what Hornby is saying.And when I laugheddid you laugh with me?You never laughed.Of course I laughed. I have a laughing nature.Deborah abruptly changes the conversation once more, emphasising how she is struggling to keep her mind on one topic of conversation. She is also struggling with staying still and not being able to move, so she decides to get out of her bed.Right, Ill get up now.He moves to herNo! Dont! Dont! Dont! Dont touch me.Yet again she is revealing her insecurity. Deborah does not feel comfortable with the help of a person she does not know. This also could be perceived as an issue of pride she might not want the help from Hornby as she wants to prove to herself that she is capable of moving by herself. She feels like a fifteen year old ready to leap out of bed, when in f act she is frail and appears like an old woman. Hornby knows this, which is why he tries to aid her. Previously in the play Deborah has only had to deal with the mental struggle, but this is a physical struggle for Deborah as she needs to get her body used to functioning again, She feels that she can cope with this, which is why she does not need Hornbys help. The slowness and tension of this part of the play really conveys the struggle that not only Deborah is going through, but Hornby as well.At the part of the play when Pauline, Deborahs Younger sister, enters Deborah does not pay attention. She is not aware of anyone walking into the room, let alone this person being her younger sister. Deborah does not recognise her sister and carries on talking as if she isnt there. She becomes fixed on one topic of conversation, which happens to be her dancing and how she danced in confined places, suggesting she has had a trapped image in her mind while in her illness. Deborah talks about th e light and darkness so much, suggesting that she has not seen the light for so long and all she has seen is the darkness and gradually trails off as she becomes aware of Pauline. Pauline is in her mid forties and is unrecognisable by Deborah. Twenty-nine years ago Pauline would have been Deborahs younger sister, but now in Deborahs eyes she herself has not aged, so now Pauline has become the older sister.All Deborah does is stare at Pauline, which to Pauline seems like a substantial improvement and becomes overwhelmed with happiness.Shes looking at me. (She turns back to Deborah) Youre looking at me. Oh Deborahyou havent looked at mefor such a long time.She decides to tell Deborah that she is her sister, to which she replies with a short laugh. Hornby realises that it is too soon for Pauline to enter the conversation and becomes agitated, as it will now become harder for Deborah to come to terms with her life at present.I didnt call you.Pauline regards himWell alright. Speak to her .Pauline becomes anxious at the thought of speaking to her sister. She does not know what to say to her, as she has not spoken to her in so long. She asks Hornby for his advice.Shall I tell her lies or the truth?Both.Telling her both lies and the truth will make it easier for Deborah to cope with, but will cause a struggle for her when she finds out that the information given to her is not fully correct. She will have a hard time coming to terms with the truth a lot more than she will with believing the lies. When Pauline speaks to Deborah, the first thing she talks about is her family. She over exaggerates slightly with what is said and has to make herself sound more childish and less mature to make it easier for Deborah to understand. Pauline explains in the easiest way possible for Deborah to understand that their family have gone on holiday.Daddys not too well, although in many respects hes as fit as a fiddle, and MummyIts a wonderful tripPauline trails off the conversation when talking about their mother suggesting that something has happened to her, death perhaps. Pauline tells her that their family send their love to Deborah, especially their mother. This once again suggests that something has happened to their mother.Deborah decides to move to her bed and lie in it, and does so with a great deal of slowness. She does everything spending a lot of time and precision and then shuts her eyes, as if exhausted. This slowness emphasises the struggle she is going through to deal with reality. She calls Pauline over to her so she can get a good look at her. She studies Paulines eyes, and Pauline confirms that she is her sister.Well, youve changed. A great deal. Youve agedsubstantially. What happened to you?Again she decides to giver her own opinion and tries to sound sophisticated, but adds a touch of childness when she says where she found the information.Was it sudden shock? I know shocks can age people over night. Someone told me.Pauline then decides to give Deborah an account of what happened to her the day she fell into her illness. She gives her a lot of information in a very short space of time, which causes a struggle in understanding and accepting what is said. The language she uses sounds that of a child: she uses words like Mummy and Daddy. It could also be because she comes from an aristocratic family. Either way, she does this to make Deborah feel comfortable with what she is saying and tries to make it easier for her to understand. When she is finished talking Deborah speaks.Deborah turns to Hornby.She must be an aunt I have never met. One of those distant cousins.Here it is plain that Deborah was either not listening to what Pauline had said or she chooses not to accept it. From Deborahs point of view she has fallen asleep and woken up the next day as if it was a normal day. She is struggling to understand what is happening to her, but Pauline is also struggling to convince her that this is reality. Pauline reassures Debora h that she is her sister, and her first reaction is to retaliate with some smart remark.Well, if youre Pauline youve put on a remarkable amount of weight in a very short space of time.Even when she does accept that Pauline is her sister, she still does not believe that she has been asleep for 29 years. Because Deborah has been asleep for such a long time, she may be looking for an argument. This could be seen as sister talk or rivalry which she would have been used to before she succumbed to her illness. She then becomes shocked as she realises that she has aged also.My God! Youve grown breasts! (She stares at Paulines breasts and suddenly looks down at herself)Were women.Women?Youre a grown woman, Deborah.This is very hard for Deborah to come to terms with, and decides to disregard it just as she did when Pauline spoke of their family earlier. Again sister rivalry comes in when Deborah becomes aware of her appearance.Im slimmer arent I?Yes.Yes. Im slimmer.Here it appears as if Debo rah is taking pleasure in being slimmer than her sister. She is always on the look out for a reason to be better than her sister, and somehow it makes it easier for her to understand things when she feels good about herself.She begins to stop conversations as soon as they start, making Hornby impatient. When she begins to question Pauline about the truth, Hornbys patience gives way and he decides to hit her with some truths in attempt to make her understand. He tells her that Pauline regularly comes to visit and that he is her doctor. He informs her that Pauline really is her sister and does not give her time to answer back and question him about this. He tells her that her father is blind and Estelle takes care of him and has never been married. He also tells her that her mother is dead. He pauses for her to say something but she is so shocked that she cannot say anything. Hornby tells Deborah how Pauline and him are married and that he was the one who woke her up with an injection . He describes the place she was when she was in her illness as a Kind of Alaska, which would be a metaphor for her. Alaska is cold and isolated part of America, which would be the perfect words to describe Deborah. He puts everything into perspective for her and makes her realise that the world does not only revolve around her and that she is not the only person that has suffered because of her illness. She is acting childish and selfish as that is the only way she knows how to behave. He then become passive and tells her that he has never left her side.I have never let you go.SilenceI have lived with you.This shows his feelings towards Deborah, and suggests he has affections for her-love maybe. If this is the case he could have married Pauline as a replacement for Deborah.Deborah finally takes in what is said to her and suddenly she becomes anxious.I want to go home.This is every childs reaction when they get scared. They feel safe in the comfort of their own home with their paren ts to look after them. She becomes cold all of a sudden and gestures for Paulines support as she takes her hand. At this point it seems that Deborah has accepted Pauline as her sister. She asks about her birthday and Pauline reassures her that she will have a birthday with plenty of presents along with all of her family and friends. Deborah soon becomes distressed when Pauline says about saying goodnight to her and her waking up in the morning.I dont want to lose them.Theyll never be lost. Ever.As Hornby keeps referring to her illness as a sleep, thats is how she sees it. Deborah becomes frightened at the thought of falling asleep as she thinks she will not wake up. Suddenly she shows her distress by flicking her cheek, as if brushing something from it. This seems harmless at first, but becomes more serious as it grows more frequent. It seems un-natural, and looks as if she is trying to communicate to the outside world what it is like inside her head. She repeats words like Oh dear The walls are closing inOh no She refers to the situation as someone shutting the walls in on her and she cannot get out. Everything seems to go black and she describes the feeling as being in a vice, not being able to breath and only being able to see the shadow of the tip of her nose. At this point I think the information has finally sunk in and she is trying to come to terms with it. She is struggling to come out of herself and is afraid of falling back into her illness. When she stops flicking herself and becomes still she describes what it is like in her illness.You cant imagine how still it is. So silent I can hear my eyes movePeople bend over me, speak to me. I want to say hullo, to have a chat.She comes back into reality and accepts that she is old, and is curious of her appearance. She admits she has no intention of looking into a mirror. This could be because she is frightened of actually seeing the truth rather than just hearing it. The easiest way for Deborah to accept t he present is to understand it in the easiest way possible. For her, the lies that were told to her seem easier to understand, so that is how she chooses to accept it. She reveals the information to Hornby and Pauline in the way that she wishes to accept it. For her it is the easy way out, she feels that if she sees the information the way she wants to she doesnt have to accept it in the way that is too difficult for her to understand.When she looks at Hornby and speaks to him, she starts every sentence with You say, suggesting that they are his opinions and they do not matter. She looks at Pauline then turns back to Hornby, and repeats the lies that Pauline told her. She says these as if these are fact, and it is obvious that this is what she chooses to believe.She summarises what has been said to her in a few lines, making everything sound simple, when in fact it merely scrapes the surface of all the things she has to come to terms with and leaves her with the struggle of what is to come.

Fee-Based Higher Education Essay

Fee-Based Higher Education Essay Fee-Based Higher Education Essay Education plays a significant role in human life. People spend about 12 years at schools, and about 4-6 years in colleges. Almost everyone, sooner or later, confronts the issue of continuing his education. Some people go to a college just in order to get a formal document – a bachelor diploma. Others relate to future profession as a matter of the whole life, connecting their future with education. The development of human capital is the basis of the modern industry of higher education. If education is the most valuable wealth, then, what is the level of its availability? Does one have to pay for his education, or is it the duty of the state? I consider that higher education has to be fee-paid because in this case it would increase the authority of higher education and its quality. In the recent time, education in colleges, as private, as state ones, becomes more and more expensive. In the USA, tuition fee varies from five to forty thousand dollars per year. Although, poor students are given generous scholarships, they are often not enough for the students of the middle classes, whose family lose most of their income. However, I consider that higher education has to be fee-based on several main reasons. The obvious argument and example of this fact is the comparison of secondary and higher education in the USA. Secondary education, which is free of fee and general, does not get even an average level. Meanwhile, the higher education, which is fee-paid and expensive, is one of the best in the world. Thus, it is impossible to provide a high-qualified free education in the country of such size. In some European countries, where education is free, the level of taxes is very high. It leads to the conclusion that education is good in the countries where the taxes are very high, or where education is fee-paid. Such American universities as Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts), Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut), Stanford University (Stanford, California), Princeton University (Princeton, New Jersey), are among the best universities over the world. These educational establishments have been recognized as ones of the best over the globe. Meanwhile, education is very expensive there. For example, the fee for education can get about forty thousand dollars per year and more in Harvard University. This fact proves that the most high-qualified education is fee-paid. Such education is valuable and respected in every place. The fee-paid education significantly reduces the availability of higher education. When a person pays serious money for something, then he would take it much more responsible. The opponents of fee-paid higher education state that if higher education is fee-paid, then, it would not be available to everyone. It means that people from poor or middle-class families will not have a possibility to get a higher education. I consider that quality of education will be better, than general education, which is presupposed for everybody. First of all, higher education is not necessary for everyone. People, who want to get a job, are used to go to the colleges. Meanwhile, the employers usually demand higher education, not because it is really necessary for them, but because it has become common. The vast majority of people do not use higher mathematics in the work. They even very rarely use the high school level math. How many times have you applied mathematical integral in the work? Of course, if you are not an engineer or a scientist. Nowadays, higher education is the usual formality. But its not explained that education is bad, and that only a small percentage of people working in the certain areas, really need it. Many vacancies demand only the fact of the presence of higher education. Very often they do not even specify the area, in which it was obtained or success in the study. In many new areas, employers do not even need the higher education, and they are not interested in the formal education. For example, in the field of the informational technologies, the specialists only can show their professional knowledge and abilities to get the job. So, there are two main points, which prove that higher education has to be fee-paid. The first point is that higher education is not necessary for everyone. Most of the people use it only as formality, which devalues ​​the education system as a whole, creating a lot of mediocre educational establishments. The second point is that higher education works good when it is fee-paid. It is good for students, which receive a qualified service, and for the instructors, which get good salaries. Payment for higher education automatically creates its elite status. It does not mean its unavailability for everyone, but elitism, which causes a wish to pay for it. Higher education is a service, which can be consumed or not by a human according to the planned way of life. As any other service, which needs to be high quality, it has to be fee-paid. Visit essay writing service to get custom essays on Higher Education topics. Our writers guarantee high quality and plagiarism-free!

New ways of communication Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New ways of communication - Coursework Example Moreover, unconventional leadership styles and functions have also been witnessed to play an imperative role for the organizations to obtain competitive success, making greater use of advanced technology and the available resources. One such example can be observed in the dimension of internet communication processes. Emphasizing the aforesaid aspect, this paper aimed at empirically identifying the benefits and drawbacks of communicating with co-workers over internet medium in the 1st assignment. 1st Assignment The method of face-to-face communication has been providing adequate support to the business since the ancient trade periods. Eventually, the integration of advanced Information and Communication Technology (ICT), in the modern day communication process, has been viewed to play a major role for the co-workers in terms of sharing different ideas, thoughts and business information using the internet facilities. However, the process can also impose negative impacts upon the organ izations while the co-workers seek to communicate through internet medium. It is in this context that Patterson (2011) emphasizes various dynamic features concerning the importance of developing face-to-face communication amid the co-workers.

Status of Women in South Africa Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Status of Women in South Africa - Term Paper Example The progressive constitution of South Africa guarantees equality for women, access to socio economic rights e.g. fair labour practices, land, housing and health as well as right to freedom from violence. Unfortunately, some of these rights are not a certainty for many women as the country has failed to put into practice and deliver on the policies that give consequence.Poverty and inequality in South Africa, is closely related to race, gender and class. According to the World Bank, the level of poverty is defined by the lack of ability to achieve a minimum standard of living, which is measured in terms of basic consumption needs or the income necessary to satisfy those needs.It has been estimated that 60% of black South Africans remain poor and live in deteriorating socio economic conditions. The unemployment rate in South Africa increased from 33% to 36.2% in the 3 years to 1999, of which 56% of the unemployed were women and the remaining 44% were men. Seven years later, in 2006, ac cording to the Household Survey, of the unemployed, more were women (31.8%) than men (23.8%). The survey also showed that the highest unemployment rate of 41.8% was among black African women.There was another survey done in 2006, the General Household Survey, indicated that 37% refers to households headed by women, and those headed by black African women tally up to 31.9%. From all these statistics, the Institute for Democracy in South Africa indicates that 80% of households headed by women have no wage earners.

Performance Management Purposes and Definitions

Performance Management Purposes and Definitions INTRODUCTION Managing people in organisations is becoming more and more important nowadays so as to produce the best result and achieve efficiency. Therefore employees should be managed efficiently so as to add value in organisations. Performance management is not new, despite the fact that nowadays more emphasis is being laid on it, especially in the public sector. Performance management system is considered as a tool to an organisation. Performance management is a whole work system that begins when a job is defined as needed. It ends when an employee leaves your organisation. The performance management system is a process which increases competence, decreases cost and promotes quality. Performance management is a term borrowed from the management literature. The term performance management was first used in the 1970s, but it did not become a recognised process until the later half of the 1980s (Armstrong Baron, 1998). It has been among the most important and positive developments in the sphere of management in recent years. The meaning of performance management has evolved and continues to evolve. While in the sixties and seventies performance management was often equated to some form of merit-rating, in the eighties and nineties it has been linked to new management paradigms such as Management by Objectives, Performance Appraisal, Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scales and Performance-related Pay. The ultimate competitive asset of any organization is its people (Band et al., 1994), thus organizations should develop employee competencies in a manner aligned with the organizations business goals. This can be achieved through performance management systems (Moullin, 2003), which act as both behavioural change tool and enabler of improved organizational performance through being instrumental in driving change. ORGANIZATION INDIVIDUAL Defines mission, values, strategies and objectives Understands and agrees objectives Define tasks, standards and performance measures Understands and agrees tasks, standards and performance measures Monitors organisational, team and individual performance Monitors own performance Develops team and individual performance Develops own performance Figure 1: The contribution of the organisation and the individual in performance management Performance management therefore aims to emphasize and encourage desired and valued behaviours (Risher, 2003), thus is a key tool of communication and motivation within organizations seeking a competitive edge through strategic change and control. Performance management then becomes a system for translating organizational intention and ambition into action and results delivering a strategic goal, such as behavioural change (Band et al., 1994). References: Band, D.C., Scanlan, G. and Tustin, C.M. (1994), Beyond the bottom line: gainsharing and organizational development, Personnel Review, Vol. 23 No. 8, pp. 17-32. Moullin, M. (2003), Defining performance measurement, Perspectives on Performance, March, p. 3. Risher, H. (2003), Refocusing performance management for high performance, Compensation and Benefits Review, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 20-30. DEFINITION OF PMS Fowler (1990) defines performance management as: the organisation of work to achieve the best possible results. From this simple viewpoint, performance management is not a system or technique, it is the totality of the day-to-day activities of all managers. The (then) Institute of Personnel Management (1992) produced a similar definition: A strategy which relates to every activity of the organisation set in the context of its human resources policies, culture, style and communications systems. The nature of the strategy depends on the organisational context and can vary from organisation to organisation. Storey and Sisson (1993) define performance management as: an interlocking set of policies and practices which have as their focus the enhanced achievement of organisational objectives through a concentration on individual performance. Fletcher (1992) provides a more organisational definition of performance management: an approach to creating a shared vision of the purpose and aims of the organisation, helping each individual employee understand and recognise their part in contributing to them, and in so doing manage and enhance the performance of both individuals and the organisation. Performance management systems are defined as: the formal, information-based routines and procedures managers use to maintain or alter patterns in organizational activities (adapted from Simons, 2000). Reference: Simons, R. (2000), Performance Measurement and Control Systems for Implementing Strategy: Text and Cases, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Armstrong and Baron (1998): Performance management, in a human resource management (HRM) sense, is the process of delivering sustained success to organizations by improving capabilities of individuals and teams. Armstrong and Baron define performance management as a process which contributes to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organisational performance. As such, it establishes shared understanding about what is to be achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure that it is achieved. They go on to stress that it is a strategy which relates to every activity of the organisation set in the context of its human resource policies, culture, style and communications systems. The nature of the strategy depends on the organisational context and can vary from organisation to organisation. In other words performance management should be: Strategic it is about broader issues and longer-term goals Integrated it should link various aspects of the business, people management, and individuals and teams. It should incorporate: Performance improvement throughout the organisation, for individual, team and organisational effectiveness Development unless there is continuous development of individuals and teams, performance will not improve Managing behaviour ensuring that individuals are encouraged to behave in a way that allows and fosters better working relationships. Armstrong and Baron  stress that at its best performance management is a tool to ensure that managers manage effectively; that they ensure the people or teams they manage: know and understand what is expected of them have the skills and ability to deliver on these expectations are supported by the organisation to develop the capacity to meet these expectations are given feedback on their performance have the opportunity to discuss and contribute to individual and team aims and objectives. It is also about ensuring that managers themselves are aware of the impact of their own behaviour on the people they manage and are encouraged to identify and exhibit positive behaviours. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AS AN INTEGRATING PROCESS Performance management is concerned with the interrelated processes of work, management, development and reward. It can become a powerful integrating force, ensuring that these processes are linked together properly as a fundamental part of the human resource management approach which should be practised by every manager in the organisation. CHARACTERISTICS OF PMS Armstrong and Baron (1998) define performance management by eliciting the characteristics of a performance management system, which are as follows: It communicates a vision of its objectives to all its employees. It sets departmental, unit, team, and individual performance targets that are related to wider objectives. It conducts a formal review of progress towards these targets. It uses the review process to identify training, development and reward outcomes. It evaluates the whole process in order to improve effectiveness. It defines a managerial structure to look after all the characteristics above, so that individual staff and managers are assigned specific responsibilities to manage the Performance Management System. Furthermore, a performance management system should have SMART objectives namely; Specific, Measurable, Appropriate, Relevant and Timed. PURPOSES OF PMS Armstrong and Baron (1998, pp. 51-6), Williams (2002, pp. 219-24), Poister (2003, pp. 9-15) and others have noted that organisations introduce performance management and/or measurement for a variety of purposes which might include one or more of the following 17 (the list below is not intended to be exhaustive): (1) to provide information on organisational effectiveness; (2) to provide information on employees effectiveness; (3) to improve organisational effectiveness; (4) to improve employees effectiveness; (5) to provide information on organisational efficiency; (6) to provide information on employees efficiency; (7) to improve organisational efficiency; (8) to improve employees efficiency; (9) to focus employees attention on areas deemed to be of greatest priority; (10) to improve employees levels of motivation; (11) to link employees pay with perceptions of their performance; (12) to improve the quality of employees training and development; (13) to raise levels of employee accountability; (14) to align employees objectives with those of the organisation as a whole; (15) to improve customer service; (16) to facilitate the implementation of an organisations mission and/or strategy; and (17) to act as a lever of change in developing a more performance oriented culture.

Fundamentals of Computer

entExamination Paper: Fundamentals of Computer IIBM Institute of Business Management Semester-I Examination Paper MM. 100 Fundamentals of Computer Section A: Objective Type (20 marks) ********************************************************** Multiple Choices: 1. b. 2 types 2. b. 1 or more input signals to produce output 3. d. Both (a) & (c) 4. b. Non-volatile 5. c. Direct-access storage device 6. c. Multiple object program files of any software 7. a. Are geographically distributed 8. b. Way in which the network’s nodes are linked together 9. a. World wide web 10. . General purpose electronic equipment for homes Fill in the Blanks: 1. Multimedia applications are multimedia presentation, foreign language learning, multimedia Kiosk and †¦multimedia books, e books, digital library, video games, animation films & virtual shops†¦ 2. Computer audio deals with synthesizing, recording and †¦Palying audio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ with a computer. 3. Collating sequence is ordering o f symbols in an †¦encoding†¦. standard. 4. Binary coded decimal is a †¦6-Bit†¦ Code. 5. The logic gates are interconnected to form gating or logic networks known as †¦combinational†¦.. ogic circuits. 6. †¦CPU†¦. is the brain of a computer system. 7. The term †¦software†¦. refers to a collection of programs. 8. Program errors are known as †¦bugs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. Documentation†¦. is the process of collecting, organizing storing and maintaining a complete historical record of programs. 10. File organization†¦ deals with physical organization of records of a file for convenience of their storage and retrieval. Section B: Short Questions (20 marks) 1. What is data processing? Data processing is a series of actions on input that converts the input into useful output.In data processing, input is data and output is the useful information. In consists of three sub activities: Capturing input data, manipulating it and pro ducing output information. People, procedure and devices are required to produce the output from the input data. 2. What is a file management system? File management system is a set of programs which help the users to organize, create, delete, update and manipulate their files. Its common features are as described below. a. Transaction file: It stores the input data until the application uses it during next processing cycle. b.Master file: It contains all current data relevant to an application. c. Output file: some applications use multiple programs. One program takes the output of another program as input; hence the former program stores the output as an output file. d. Report file: It is a copy of report, generated by application in computer accessible form. e. Backup file: It is a copy of file crated by user or system to avoid loss of data due to corruption or deletion of original file. 3. What is a computer network? Computer network is a group of computers which are linked to e ach other via internet.The computers on network can communicate with each other and can share information. Four basic service provided by internet to its users are electronic mail, file transfer protocol, telnet and use net news. The common network types are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area network (MANs), campus area networks (CANs) and wide area network (WANs). 4. What is a secondary storage? The additional memory needed in all computers to overcome the limitations of primary storage (Limited capacity and Volatile) is called secondary storage. t is nonvolatile and has lower cost per bit stored. It operates generally at slower speed than primary storage. Computer system uses it primarily to store large volume of data on permanent basis. Commonly used storage devices are hard disk, CD ROM, DVD, memory card and Pen drive. Section C: Long Questions (20 marks) 1. Explain the printing mechanism of laser printer. Mechanism of Laser Printers: Tr ansfer of Data The very first step in laser printing is the transfer of data from a computer to the memory of the image processor of a printer. Writing DataNow, once the data is transferred to the printer's memory, it is written to the printer's drum with the help of a laser. The drum will keep rotating and the moment it rotates past the laser, it sweeps off the printer's surface neutralizing some spots to about -100v. These spots are the areas where the toner remains stuck to the drum and further gets transferred to the paper. Inserting the Paper and Pickup Process of the Toner Once the writing process is over, you need to add papers to the printer. Keep the papers into the printer's paper tray.The feed rollers inside the printer pull the paper inside and the registration rollers hold it till its release. As the drum keeps on rotating, the toner settles down in an area which is at a charge of about -100v and remains attached to the drum till the paper comes in. Transfer of the Tone r to the Paper Now, the complete toned image is created on the drum. The moment you apply the paper to the printer, the toner transfer process starts. The transfer corona applies a charge of about +600v to the paper and when the paper passes through the drum, the toner which is at a charge of about -100v gets transferred to the paper.Further, the paper passes through a static charge eliminator that decreases the positive charge in the paper, with the help of its negative charge. Fusing The process of fusion takes place in order to secure the printout by melting the minute plastic fragments present on the toner's surface, so as to fix them to the paper fibers. Laser printers are handy when it comes to fast, bulk and quality printing. But high prices and some health risks such as respiratory disorders due to the release of some harmful sub-micrometer particles are some of the disadvantages associated with laser printing.However, this kind of printer still remains the first choice for most of the organizations when it comes to printing. 2. Explain the importance of system software for a computer system. System Software is a set of programs that manage the resources of a compute system. System Software is a collection of system programs that perform a variety of functions. * File Editing * Resource Accounting * I/O Management * Storage, Memory Management access management. System Software can be broadly classified into three types as: System control programs: It Controls the execution of programs, anage the storage & processing resources of the computer & perform other management & monitoring function. The most important of these programs is the operating system. Other examples are database management systems (DBMS) & communication monitors. System support programs: It provide routine service functions to the other computer programs & computer users: E. g. Utilities, libraries, performance monitors & job accounting. System development programs assists in the creat ion of application programs. E. g. , language translators such as BASIC interpreter & application generators.Application Software: It performs specific tasks for the computer user. Application software is a program which program written for, or, by, a user to perform a particular job. Languages already available for microcomputers include Clout, Q & A and Savvy ret rival. The use of natural language touches on expert systems, computerized collections of the knowledge of many human experts in a given field, and artificial intelligence, independently smart computer systems – two topics that are receiving much attention and development and will continue to do so in the future. 1.Operating System Software Storage Manager Process Manager File – System Manager I/O Control System Communication Manager 2. Standard System Software Language Processor Loaders Software Tools 3. Application Software Sort/Merge Package Payroll/Accounting Package DBMS General-purpose application soft ware such as electronic spreadsheet has a wide variety of applications. Specific – purpose application s/w such as payroll & sales analysis is used for the application for which it is designed. Section D: Applied Theory (40 marks) 1. What is a computer virus? How does a typical virus works?When a computer system suffers from virus infection, how it is cured? Defenition: Computer virus is a small software programs that are designed by human to spread from one computer to another and to interfere with normal computer operations. Work of Typical virus: The A computer virus is most often defined as â€Å"a malicious code of computer programming†. What this means is that a computer virus is just another software, written with not so very noble intentions. A computer virus is designed to install, propagate and cause damage to computer files and data without the knowledge and/or express permission of the user.A computer virus can only survive, attack and propagate in computer memory. Computer memory is usually the RAM (and all different variations of it) and disk storage (hard, floppy and everything in between). Besides this you will not find computer viruses in your monitor, keyboard and certainly not in your own blood stream! The first step in any virus attack is always the invasion. This is when the virus actually enters the computer system from an outside source. Much of the effort in preventing a virus attack lies in understanding what these virus entry points are and how best to monitor and block out any possible intrusion.All viruses enter the computer system through two main entry points: the disk network adapter card is most likely your computer network and/or modem card connected to the local Intranet and/or the Internet. Virus enters through the network card most likely disguised in the form of attachments in e-mails. These attachments are often program files and office documents containing macros. Besides this, certain webpages that we visit on the Internet may also contain harmful programming codes that might transfer virus or virus-like codes into our system.To guard our systems against virus intrusion from these sources, many good anti-virus programs allows users to completely scan all files read form disk drives or downloaded from the Intranet/Internet. How do virus infections occur? The act of infection often begins with a harmless looking action such as opening a file (like a video game or a Word document) that one often gets in e-mail attachments or while accessing any disk in a disk drive. These actions inadvertently activate the virus lurking in these files and disks. The virus then installs itself into the computer’s memory. Computer system suffering from virus infection:After entering the computer memory, a virus often immediately sets out to multiply and spread duplicate copies of itself across the main data storage device (most often the hard disk drive). It does this by copying itself into as many files it can find on the disk drive. Later when users transfers or copies these files to their friends and colleagues, the virus gain entry into ever increasing number of systems. If the virus has found its way to this level of the user’s computer, the user runs a high risk of permanent damage to data and hardware. But such a level of infection only happens to two types of users.The first are those who do not employ any kind of anti-virus measures (or if they do, it obviously isn’t doing a good job). The second are those who do have good anti-virus programs installed and running but did not bother updating their software with the latest virus data files. As a result newer viruses can actually use the anti-virus programs to infect an even greater number of files. So we can see here that having good anti-virus software isn’t enough. One must constantly keep it updated (preferably on a monthly basis). If a virus were to just spread itself, users might not have much to worry about.But the worst is yet to come. Many viruses contain what is called a payload. This is the destructive sequence that is activated on a certain trigger. The trigger may be the arrival of a particular date or an action done by the user. The effect of the payload can be anything as benign as some harmless message appearing on screen to as frightening as the destruction of the disk drive’s boot record – making it completely unusable and in most cases completely irreparable. Indeed it is the later that causes permanent lose of data and hardware and which is responsible for the virus’ notorious reputation.If a virus is capable of unleashing its payload on the user’s system, this indicates a serious breach of security on part of the user. It’s time for the user to learn from the experience and never let computer virus have a second chance. How do I know if my computer has been infected? After you open and run an infected program or attachmen t on your computer, you might not realize that you've introduced a virus until you notice something isn't quite right. Here are a few indicators that your computer  might  be infected: * Your computer runs more slowly than normal * Your computer stops responding or freezes often Your computer crashes and restarts every few minutes * Your computer restarts on its own and then fails to run normally * Applications on your computer don't work correctly * Disks or disk drives are inaccessible * You can't print correctly * You see unusual error messages * You see distorted menus and dialog boxes How to Cure: Remove a virus manually: Sometimes a virus must be removed manually. This can become a technical process that you should only undertake if you have experience with the  Windows  registry and know how to view and delete system and program files in  Windows.First, identify the virus by name by running your antivirus program. If you don't have an antivirus program or if your pr ogram doesn't detect the virus, you might still be able to identify it by looking for clues about how it behaves. Write down the words in any messages it displays or, if you received the virus in email, write down the subject line or name of the file attached to the message. Then search an antivirus vendor's website for references to what you wrote down to try to find the name of the virus and instructions for how to remove it. Recovery and prevention:After the virus is removed, you might need to reinstall some software or restore lost information. Doing regular backups on your files can help you avoid data loss if your computer becomes infected again. If you haven't kept backups in the past, we recommend that you start now. 3. Write short notes on: (a) The OSI model (b) Internetworking tools (c) Distributed computing systems (a) The OSI model The Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. This article explains the 7 Lay ers of the OSI Model.The  OSI, or  Open  System  Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. a. Application Layer This layer supports  application  and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data  syntax  are identified.Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for  file transfers,  e-mail, and other  network  software  services. Telnet  and  FTP  are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. b. Presentation Layer This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e. g. ,  encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept.This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a  network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. c. Session Layer This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between  applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. d. Transport Layer This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or  hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and  flow control.It ensures complete data transfer. e. Network Layer This layer provides  switching  and  routing  technologies, creating logical paths, known as  virtual circuits, for transmitting data from  node  to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as  addressing,  internetworking, error handling, congestion  control and packet sequencing. f. Data Link Layer At this layer, data packets are  encoded  and decoded into bits. It furnishes  transmission protocol  knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization.The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the  Logical Link Control  (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. g. Physical Layer 1 This layer conveys the bit stream – electrical impulse, light or radio signal through the  network  at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the  hardware  means of sending and rece iving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. b) Internetworking tools The art and science of connecting individual  local-area networks (LANs)  to create  wide-area networks (WANs), and connecting WANs to form even larger WANs. Internetworking can be extremely complex because it generally involves connecting networks that use different  protocols. Internetworking is accomplished ith  routers,  bridges, and  gateways. Routers: It is a  device  that forwards data  packets  along  networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two  LANs  or  WANs  or a LAN and its  ISP  network. Routers are located at  gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.Routers use  headers  and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use  protocols  such as  ICMP  to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts. Bridges : It is a  device  that connects two  local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN that use the same  protocol, such as  Ethernet  or  Token-Ring. Gateways: It is a  node  on a  network  that serves as an entrance to another network. In enterprises, the gateway is the computer that  routes  the traffic from a workstation  to the outside network that is serving the Web pages.In homes, the gateway is the  ISP  that connects the user to the internet. In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a  proxy server  and a  firewall. The gateway is also associated with both a  router, which use  headers  and forwarding tables to determine where  packets  are sent, and a  switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway. A computer system located on earth that switches data signals and voice signals between satellites and  terrestrial  networks. An earlier term for  router, though now obsol ete in this sense as  router  is commonly used. c) Distributed computing systems A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that are on multiple computers, but run as a single system. The computers that are in a distributed system can be physically close together and connected by a local network, or they can be geographically distant and connected by a wide area network. A distributed system can consist of any number of possible configurations, such as mainframes, personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, and so on. The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single computer.Distributed systems offer many benefits over centralized systems, including the following: Scalability The system can easily be expanded by adding more machines as needed. Redundancy Several machines can provide the same services, so if one is unavailable, work does not stop. Additionally, because many smaller machines can be used, this redundancy does not need to be prohibitively expensive. Distributed computing systems can run on hardware that is provided by many vendors, and can use a variety of standards-based software components. Such systems are independent of the underlying software.They can run on various operating systems, and can use various communications protocols. Some hardware might use UNIX(R)  as the operating system, while other hardware might use Windows operating systems. For inter machine communications, this hardware can use SNA or TCP/IP on Ethernet or Token Ring. This system contains two local area networks (LANs) that are connected to each other. One LAN consists of UNIX workstations from several different manufacturers; the other LAN consists primarily of PCs that are running several different PC operating systems.One of the LANs is also connected to a mainframe by way of an SNA connection. The client/server model A common way of organizing software to run on distributed systems is to separate funct ions into two parts: clients and servers. A  client  is a program that uses services that other programs provide. The programs that provide the services are called  servers. The client makes a request for a service, and a server performs that service. Server functions often require some resource management, in which a server synchronizes and manages access to the resource, and responds to client requests with either data or status information.Client programs typically handle user interactions and often request data or initiate some data modification on behalf of a user. For example, a client can provide a form onto which a user (a person working at a data entry terminal, for example) can enter orders for a product. The client sends this order information to the server, which checks the product database and performs tasks that are needed for billing and shipping. Typically, multiple clients use a single server. For example, dozens or hundreds of clients can interact with a few servers that control database access.The client is isolated from the need to know anything about the actual resource manager. If you change the database that you are using, the server possibly needs to be modified, but the client does not need to be modified. Because usually fewer copies exist of the server than of the client, and because the servers are often in locations that are easier to update (for example, on central machines instead of on PCs that are running on users' desks), the update procedure is also simplified. Also, this approach provides additional security. Only the servers, not the clients, need access to the data that the resource manager controls.Clients can also access several different servers, and the servers themselves can act as clients to other servers. Exactly how the functions are distributed across servers is an application design decision. For example, a single server could provide all the services that a client needs, or the client could access multiple servers to perform different requests. The application designer must consider items such as scalability, location, and security. For example, are the clients and servers local or is the application distributed over a wide geographic area? Do the servers need to be on machines that are physically secure?Such design decisions are outside the scope of this introduction. Some servers are part of an application and are referred to as  application servers. Other servers are not part of a specific application. Instead, any application can use them. For example, the CICS Structured File Server (SFS) provides record-oriented file access for applications. Three-tiered client/server architecture A common design of client/server systems uses three tiers: 1. A client that interacts with the user 2. An application server that contains the business logic of the application 3. A resource manager that stores data.